Role Of Science In Our Life Philosophy Essay

Role Of Science In Our Life Philosophy Essay He was nothing, quite an ordinary thing, of no importance at all. But he had a powerful but hidden tool. With the passage of time, he gradually discovered this tool, used it and turned into the most powerful creature of this planet. Who was he? Yes! This is the story of human being. And that tool used by him is science. The word science was derived from Latin word scientia (means knowledge). Science means to observe natural phenomenon occurring around us for collecting useful information and use these information for the benefit of mankind. It is regardless of the method adopted by someone. Human being of this era making researches in scientific fields with modern methods and machines and the man centuries before, observing nature and recording results, are same. Brief history of science: It is said that many centuries ago, man started his struggle in scientific field by the act of burning at such a time when he was even not familiar to the word science. As Aristotle said, man is a thinking animal. Thus man started thinking about things around him. He derived useful results from observations and started using them to make his life facilitated. It was beginning of science. Time kept on passing. As the result of struggle made by thousands of people in science, life on Earth reached the current state. No doubt science directed this journey at every step. Human beings of all times participated in development of science. Remarkable progress was made by Greeks. They discovered many things. Muslims scientists also worked in this field for five to six hundred years. They made great discoveries. For example Jabir Bin Hayan was a great scientist of chemistry. He discovered sulphuric acid as well as nitric acid. Ibn- al-Hythem made progress in optics. While Alberooni was a great geologist. How science affected daily life? Now-a-days although it is not impossible but much difficult to imagine life without different scientific inventions. For example we need vehicles to travel, cell phone and internet to communicate and other such things. We cant live without them. Science made advancements in many fields for example. A few of them are described as follow. Positive effects: Increased average human life: In the beginning life was in danger all the time. It might be harmed by many factors. If one had been born two hundred years ago, he would have had one chance in eight of living to be one year old. He would have suffered from many diseases like small pox, measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever and diphtheria before he was twelve. Yellow fever, malaria, typhus, cholera once started, spread through a community and thousands of people were to lose their lives. Life was most uncertain. A person who used to live more than thirty to forty years was indeed lucky. It is unbelievable that such conditions existed so short a time ago. The advancements made by research in medical science minimized all such risks. Today babies are born in hospitals where there is a little chance of their getting disease. They are enabled to fight against many diseases by vaccination at early stage. Different types of supplements are used in their better growth. Purification of water and food is also an important thing introduced by science in this aspect. Besides this all, medical science discovered remedy for each disease man may suffer from. A person can expect to live to be almost seventy years old. In other words, more than thirty years have been added to normal human lifes length. Improved life standard: In the beginning man is assumed to have no sense of wearing clothes, building houses, growing crops and other such things. He used to live in caves, get eatables from surroundings. When he started thinking about everything around him (making progress in scientific field in other words), he observed different things and use them for his benefit. For example he started building houses, got sense of wearing clothes, started producing different eatables and so many other things. Later on he set rules for everyone living in one community for his welfare. Thus gradually he kept on improving his life style. Transport system: Hundreds of years ago, necessities of human beings were limited. Distance between man and his needs was not large. they were able to get everything he wanted from his surroundings. Men used animals kike horse while hunting and camels and some other animals while travelling from one place to another. It took sufficiently long time if they had to go to distant places. Person related to one another mostly used to live on a single piece of land in the form of tribes. Therefore they didnt have to go anywhere to meet their relatives. But later on, as population increased, the small pieces of land were unable to provide them with their basic needs. Therefore they had to go anywhere else in search of food and other things. At that time man needed something which could make travelling easier. In this way he struggled in this field and discovered wheel. It was a huge discovery. No one knows that who discovered it for first time but it is the fact it brought a great revolution. Later on with the invention of engine and other machines, travelling became easier. Now-a-days there are fastest automobiles and supersonic planes to serve us. And at the same time for transportation of goods, we have ships. Therefore it has become very easy to travel to far off places with as much stuff as we want. It provided a lot of facilities to importers and exporters as well. With the help of modern travelling means, a person is able to return home in the evening after doing his job for the whole day at a place hundreds of miles away from his home. Thus science lessened the distances and made life faster and faster. Communication: As described above, in the past, people related to each other used to live together in the form of tribes. They could easily convey their message to the person they wanted. With the passage of time, distances between individuals were increased. Therefore people used to look for some other means of communication. At early stages, they used light blinkers for giving message to someone in the form of code at night. For conveying message to a far off place, they used to send letters through men or birds. With the invention of loud speaker, it became very easy to address to a gigantic crowed. A remarkable advancement in this field was made by Graham Bell. He was the man who invented telephone for the first time. That device namely telephone was improved later on. It served mankind in a great way. Modern cell phones are most modified form of that device. Another device namely Radio also proved very useful in communicating many people at the same time. It was for one way communication only. Its major advantage was no use of wire in communication. Thomas was the person who invented a device called T.V. It was an awesome achievement in the history of information technology. Now people were able to enjoy both sound and picture. News paper is another source of news transmission. With the help of all these sources, current updates and a lot of entertainment is available all the time for everyone. Another huge thing in the history of telecommunication is inter-net. Internet is like an ocean o f information, people and much more. One can find answer of any question by using it. He may contact to anyone, anywhere in the world. Any type of information can be shared at any level. All of these things were achieved with the help of science. Power development: It was science who taught us how to use energy available in different forms around us. Man used to burn woods to get heat (energy). All the energy from sun was wasted. By using scientific methods, we developed different techniques to make use of energy. For example, discovery of the electric current was a great job in this aspect. Later on we discovered how to convert different type of energy into electrical energy. Now we are able to use mechanical energy, solar energy and bio mass for current production. Nuclear power plants are based upon a comparatively new technology. With the help of this we make use of huge amount of energy evolved during fission and fusion. Electric current made life much facilitated and luxurious. Besides these, running vehicles by burning fuel is also an example of using chemical energy for useful purposes. Negative effects: This is a natural thing that everything which has some advantages must necessarily have some disadvantages as well. In exactly the same way, science has some negative effects too. As said by Isaac Asimov, the saddest aspect of life right now is the science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom. Although most of them are not much prominent or easily understandable but this is the fact that science is leading this planet towards a state which is quite unpredictable. That may be horrible enough not to support life. Let us see what negative effects of science are. Youngsters, being affected by media: We used science and made a lot of progress in I.T. Now-a-days almost everyone is familiar to the television, computer, cell phone and other such appliances. Especially our young generation uses to spend most of the time in texting, chatting on internet and watching programs on T.V. These are the requirements to be fulfilled if one wants to call himself Modern. They are not aware of importance of limited time. They use to spend their time in such useless things and take it to be a source of honor. It is a kind of addiction. They cant give this up. They, living in an imaginary world, feel many difficulties in real life because real life is much different than that shown on screen. They are unable to concentrate upon their studies. Most of them are aimless. They try to follow the characters shown to them in movies, plays and video games. Sometimes its not a fair practice. They use to adopt many bad habits. This is an alarming situation. Another related effect of media is stopping youngs ters from outdoor activities. They spend most of the time in front of PCs and are losing their interest in outdoor games. This results the physical weakness as well as the feeling of loneliness. They are losing their confidence. Some of them feel shy while facing people. Thus excessive use of these useful inventions is creating a new generation with strange qualities. Development of destructive weapons: Another great misuse of science is weaponsdevelopment. Man started making weapons for hunting and defense purposes. As science raised everything, weapons also kept on being more and more harmful with the passage of time. Unaware of the results, man even made nuclear bomb for his own destruction. Mahatma Gandhi said, Science without humanity is a sin. But nuclear bomb has been handed over to wild politicians who are using it as a tool to show off their power. Bombs may blow the planet up in minutes, a few blastsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. and deep silence forever! Just imagine! Science made future of planet earth so uncertain. Pollution: Many scientific activities and appliances are participating in causing pollution. For example burning of fuel in vehicles and factories causes many harmful factors polluting environment. Most common of them are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Both of these are suffocating. Carbon dioxide is playing main role in global warming. Another pollutant ClCF2 was found responsible for ozone layer destruction. It is produced by air conditioners and refrigerators commonly used on earth. The polluted water from industries gets mixed with water used for drinking and causes lots of diseases. Waste materials from factories also change acidity of soil as well. Vehicles, making noise, also participate in noise pollution. Drugs: Use of science in drug development is another frightening thing. Science made drugs cheaper and thus easily available. New drugs are being introduced by using various scientific methods. Almost everyone use to smoke and snuff. Other drugs like opium and heroin are also being used frequently. All this shows that science is indeed a great power. It has magical effects. Everyone can make progress in this field. Everything around us is a mystery. We just have to reveal these secrets. As Marie Curie said, Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fearless. There is an order in occurrence of each phenomenon in the universe. As Elbert Einstein said God does not play dice with universe. We just have to understand that order. This is science. The direction of this journey must always be set by religion. Because religion allows us to take steps for human welfare only.

Christian Tradition Essay

‘Men, women and schools of thought have reformed and/or revitalised the Christian tradition.’ How well does this statement reflect the impact on Christianity of ONE significant person or school of thought, other than Jesus? Pope John XXIII was a highly influential, religious leader in the Catholic Church, whom was elected Pope on 28th October 1958. Although he was thought to be a transitional pope, John XXIII was often addressed as the ‘good pope’ due to his significant involvement in Catholicism. He challenged the role of the Catholic Church and emphasised the importance of interfaith dialogue. John XXIII’s most significant impact is the creation of the Second Vatican Council, which taught the Catholic Church to â€Å"open the windows† to engage with the modern world. Pope John XXIII was also passionate in promoting social justice, world peace and human rights. The statement clearly defines the impact John XXIII contributed to, as he reformed and revitalised the Christian tradition to adapt to the modern world of the 1960s, as well the ecumenism of all Christian denominations. Before the opening of Vatican II on 11 October 1962, the Church was separated from the secular world, as it was considered that everything not within Christianity was corrupt. Even so, sectarianism between different Christian denominations was very strong. Mass had also been spoken in Latin since 1570, and the laity were not supposed to read the Bible, and were merely observers to the liturgy, as all the ministries were done by the clergy.1 Since 1870, no Pope had an official engagement outside the Vatican, and mostly focused within the Catholic Church, however John XXIII changed this concept completely. He worked to reform the Catholic Church by calling the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). Vatican II was the first council of any sort in over 100 years, and in its course, over 2500 bishops attended the four sessions convened. Vatican II was considered â€Å"an engagement with the modern world through a Christ-centred mission†2 which completely changed the mindset and mentality of people to engage with the modern world. The renewal of the liturgy saw the involvement of the laity, as now the Tridentine Mass was translated into the vernacular. The laity were now encouraged to study the Bible, as it was also translated into vernacular language. This impacted the whole concept of Mass, as the laity could now actively participate in the celebration of the liturgy and were recognised by the Church as the people of God, through the dogmatic constitution ‘Lumen Gentium’. John XXIII demonstrated his personal engagement with the world through his own personal examples, like meeting with world leaders, visiting inmates in prisons and sick children in hospitals. John XXIII also impacted on the expression of Christianity through the acceptance of the means of media such as, film, radio and television to engage with adherents. The Catholic Church would be outdated and irrelevant to modern life, if not for Pope John XXIII’s calling for Second Vatican Council, which revitalised the whole Church to engage with the modern world. Vatican II also brought about the 21st Ecumenical Council, which included the change of attitude from hostility/sectarianism to mutual respect and acceptance of all Christian denominations. Before Vatican II, the Catholic Church was seen as the ‘one true Church’, and Protestants were called heretics, while Orthodox Christians were schismatics. The council sought to renew the life of the church and reform its structures and institutions.3 One of the aims of John XXIII was the ‘Decree of Ecumenism’ which was to promote the ‘unity of Christians’, and thus stated, â€Å"Let us place values on those things which unite us and lay aside that which separates us.†4 Pope John XXIII demonstrated this reform by meeting with the Anglican Archbishop of Cantebury and also the Orthodox Patriarch in the 1960‘s. In 1965, the Catholic and Orthodox Churches apologised to each other and lifted the mutual excommunication of the Great Schism in 1054.The Catholic Church also became involved with the World Council of Churches in 1940. John XXIII’s ecumenical reform has now impacted the interaction between Christians, as they are now encouraged to share prayer and social actions together, ending the sectarianism conflicts between Christian denominations. Interfaith dialogue was also a factor of the Vatican II, encouraging mutual respect and dialogue amongst different religious traditions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Islam. In the Vatican II document ‘Nostra Aetate’, he recognised and accepted that there is the presence of truth contained in other religious traditions, and condemned ‘anti-semitism’. John XXIII’s reforms of ecumenism, unity of mankind, and interfaith dialogue has impacted and revitalised the interaction of the secular and non secular world. Pope John XXIII also appealed to the whole world to work for peace and justice, emphasising the importance of â€Å"unity among mankind†. The role of the church was also questioned, and now became a ‘servant’ to the world as the Catholic Church became aware of social issues such as human rights, unity of Christians, social justice and world peace. John XXIII revitalised the Catholic Church’s view of modern world and its relationship to it. The church now was at the service of the world rather than in opposition.5 The Catholic Church was now open to dialogue and work with other Christians, other religions and even atheistic governments such as the communists. John XXIII also encouraged all Christians to be called to discipleship, and new roles of ‘evangelisation’ and ‘word for social justice’. This is further expressed in his encyclical, ‘Mater Et Magistra’ (Mother and Teacher). ‘Mater Et Magistra’ restated the teaching of social justice, and the necessity for wealthy nations to support developing countries. The encyclical stated, â€Å"Justice and humanity demand that those countries which produce consumer goods, especially farm products†¦should come to the assistance of other countries where large sections of the population are suffering from want and hunger.†6 Another encyclical by John XXIII is ‘Pacem in Terris’ (Peace on Earth), which applied to the whole world for peace as it was on the brink of a nuclear war. ‘Pacem in Terris’ pleaded for the banning of nuclear weapons and an end to the arms race.7 Another aim for calling the Second Vatican Council was the promotion of ‘unity among mankind’. The Pope established an engagement between the Catholic Church and the modern world by his involvement in current world affairs. He met with John F. Kennedy (USA) and Khrushchev (USSR) to maintain and counsel for peace of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. John XXIII exhibited his contact with secular and non religious leaders to shape the path ahead for the common good of all. Pope John XXII was not only a significant figure in Christianity but also a highly influential figure in the world. Today, this has impacted on some Catholic organisations focusing on helping the poor and the development of third world countries. Through the 4 constitutions, 9 decrees and 3 declarations of the Vatican II, John XXIII revolutionised and challenged the traditions of triumphalism, clericalism and legalism in the Catholic church and brought participation by the laity, ecumenism, interfaith dialogue and a focus on justice and peace of the world. 8John XXIII’s reason and inspiration for his contribution come from the core Christian belief of Jesus’ commandment for love, â€Å"Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.†9 and †Love your neighbour as yourself.†10 Pope John XXIII was an inspiration man who reformed and revitalised the whole Catholic Church and impacted the way liturgy is held today, the interaction between Christian denominations and other religious traditions, and the focus on social justice and peace in the Christian tradition today.

John Stuart Mill

â€Å"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. Happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain. † – John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that â€Å"actions are right in proportions as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Sparknotes Editors). There are a few important aspects of this definition.It presents utility, the existence of pleasure and the absence of pain, as both the basis of everything that people desire, as the foundation of morality. This however, does not state that it is moral for people to pursue what makes them personally happy (Sparknotes Editors). The question at hand is what would John Stuart Mill advise the doctor to do? Fulfill the Joes request and assist him with his death or respect the family’s wishes by keeping Joe alive.From my viewpoint, I would say that Mill would tell the doctor to go forth with the family’s wishes because of his statement â€Å"is it not moral for people to pursue what makes them personally happy† (Sparknotes Editors) and in this case – it would not be moral to do as the patient wishes because the end result would be that it would only make the patient happy. However, from a utilitarian view point, a physician assisted suicide can appear to be morally justified in all cases. But in this case, it would be only morally justified in the patients’ case because he is the only one who is on board with the idea of physician assisted suicide.The only way this way this would be morally justified in all cases is if not only the patient was on board, but the entire family would have to be as well, by looking at such things like the physician assisted suicide as an elimination of the financial burden due to medical costs. Mill’s Utilitarianism states that in order to be mo ral, one must make decisions based upon the greatest happiness. In terms of physician assisted suicide I feel that death, no matter the form, usually brings many emotions such as both positive (the end of the patients suffering; then end of medical costs), and negative (feeling of loss and sadness of a loved one).According to Mill, the utilitarian doctrine states that â€Å"happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end. † (Mill) so what he is saying is that we are to treat others and ourselves included as a means to an end, and that it would be immoral to use other people and ourselves as a mere means. If you think about it, happiness is only something that can be experienced when we are alive and in reality, there is nothing desired except happiness and our actions derive from the pursuit of happiness. So if our ultimate moral end goal is happiness.My argument would be that the patient is not seeki ng happiness as an end but only a means because he is seeking it for himself to end his suffering. The process of physician assisted euthanasia would be considered a mere means if it were both what the patient and his family both wanted – but in this case this is not what both parties want. They each want the end result to be different. Mill also argued that individuals are the best judges and guardians of their own interests. So in this case, he would be stating that Joe is capable of making his own decision(s) and his family should allow him to make his own decision in this case.The only way Mill would state otherwise is if Joe was not capable of making his own decision, an example would be if he was in an unconscious state or otherwise mentally impaired. At this point a case could be made in the fact that Joe is unhappy and he knows eventually that his illness will lead him to much discomfort and possible pain. The only thing in Joe’s mind that will make him happy i s to end his suffering and end the suffering of his family who would have to watch him battle this sickness. This would be a â€Å"win-win† situation in Joes mind.Another case could be made using the assertion that â€Å"the right thing† would be to use any means necessary to alleviate the pain and suffering Joe may face in the future. This renews and reaffirms Joe’s importance to himself and his family members. Mill has also stated â€Å"all selfish interests must be terminated by death. † I think that by this he is saying the only way to end Joe’s want for physician assisted suicide is by death. He is stating that this is a selfish want on Joe’s part – he could also be stating that the family too is being selfish in not wanting to end Joe’s suffering.So neither party’s selfish wants are going to be subsided until death. I feel that John Stuart Mills’ utilitarianism would support the idea of what the family feels and wants rather than supporting physician assisted euthanasia. Only because his main focus is happiness and one cannot experience happiness in death. Works Cited Mill J. S. , Utilitarianism. New York; Longmans, Green; 1907 SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Utilitarianism. † SparkNotes LLC. n. d.. http://www. sparknotes. com/philosophy/utilitarianism/ (accessed October 17, 2012).

Long Term Investment Decision Of The Low Calorie Foods Essay

Long Term Investment Decision Plan that managers in the low-calorie, frozen microwaveable food company follow in anticipation of raising prices when selecting pricing strategies for making products response to changes in price less elastic. The low calorie frozen microwaveable food companies are presently operating under a monopolistic market structure. There are many sellers of the same types of frozen foods but are distinguished by packaging and/or ingredients used. The frozen food companies are undergoing the high cost of production in order to sustain the same level of profitability. This industry has evolved significantly over the years. Consumer purchase trends are regularly moving with the developing economic changes and causing increased pricing and inflation. This report will examine the steps that managers in the low-calorie microwaveable food market can take to face anticipated challenges. The survival of the low-calorie frozen microwaveable food is dependent on its sales volume in the midst of expected price changes (Plessis Doppegieter, 2012). The low-calorie microwaveable food company should aim at increasing their price to maximize profit in a monopolistic competition. Price elasticity of demand has a ma jor role here and offers the economic rational to increase or decrease the price based on this scenario (Hirschey, 2009). Managers could also sketch a plan that makes the changes in price less elastic by targeting brand awareness and product differentiation.Show MoreRelatedThe Food And Drug Administration1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe American family has come a long way from the what we use to know as the T.V. dinner of the 1950s prepared in the stove comprised of portions of meat, vegetables and dessert in the divided foil tray. 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